The Diet of the First Colonists in the Americas

The Kelp Highway Hypothesis is a theory concerning the original colonization of the American continents. Part of the Pacific Coast Migration Model, the Kelp Highway proposes that the first Americans reached the New World by following the coastline along Beringia and into the American continents, using edible seaweeds as a food resource. Revising Clovis First For the better part of a century, the main theory of human population of the Americas was that Clovis big game hunters came into North America at the end of the Pleistocene along an ice-free corridor between ice sheets in Canada, about 10,000 years ago. Evidence of all kinds has shown that theory to be full of holes. The ice free-corridor wasnt open.The oldest Clovis sites are in Texas, not Canada.The Clovis people were not the first people into the Americas.The oldest pre-Clovis sites are found around the perimeter of North and South America, all dating between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. Sea level rises have inundated the coastlines that the colonizers would have known, but there is strong evidentiary support for the migration of people in boats around the Pacific rim. Even though their landing sites are likely submerged in 50–120 meters (165–650 feet) of water, based on the radiocarbon dates of what would have been inland sites, such as Paisley Caves, Oregon and Monte Verde in Chile; the genetics of their ancestors, and perhaps the presence of a shared technology of stemmed points in use around the Pacific Rim between 15,000–10,000, all support the PCM. Diet of the Kelp Highway What the Kelp Highway Hypothesis brings to the Pacific Coast Migration model is a focus on the diet of the purported adventurers who used the Pacific coast to settle North and South America. That diet focus was first suggested by American archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues beginning in 2007. Erlandson and colleagues proposed that the American colonizers were people who used using tanged or stemmed projectile points to rely on an abundance of marine species such as marine mammals (seals, sea otters, and walruses, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), seabirds and waterfowl, shellfish, fish, and edible seaweeds. Supporting technology required to hunt, butcher and process marine mammals, for example, must have included seaworthy boats, harpoons, and floats. Those different food resources are found continuously along the Pacific Rim: so as long as the earliest Asians to start out on the journey around the rim had the technology, they and their descendants could use it from Japan to Chile. Ancient Art of Sea Faring Although boat-building was long considered a fairly recent capability—the oldest excavated boats are from Mesopotamia—scholars have been forced to recalibrate that. Australia, separated from the Asian mainland, was colonized by humans at least 50,000 years ago. The islands in western Melanesia have settled by about 40,000 years ago, and Ryukyu islands between Japan and Taiwan by 35,000 years ago. Obsidian from Upper Paleolithic sites in Japan has been sourced to Kozushima Island—three and a half hours from Tokyo by jet boat today—which means that the Upper Paleolithic hunters in Japan went to the island to obtain the obsidian, in navigable boats, not just rafts. Peopling the Americas The data on archaeological sites scattered around the perimeters of the American continents include ca. 15,000-year-old sites in places as widespread as Oregon, Chile, the Amazon rainforest, and Virginia. Those similarly aged hunter-gatherer sites dont make much sense without a coastal migration model. The proponents suggest that beginning somewhere between 18,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers from Asia used the Pacific rim to travel, reaching North America by 16,000 years ago, and moving along the coast, reaching Monte Verde in southern Chile within 1,000 years. Once people reached the Isthmus of Panama, they took different paths, some northward up the Atlantic coast of North America and some southward along the Atlantic South American coastline in addition to the pathway along Pacific Southern American coast that led to Monte Verde. The proponents also suggest that Clovis large-mammal hunting technology developed as a land-based subsistence method near the Isthmus before 13,000 years ago, and spread back upward into southern-central and southeastern North America. Those Clovis hunters, descendants of Pre-Clovis, in turn, spread northward overland into North America, eventually meeting the descendants of the Pre-Clovis in the northwestern United States who used Western Stemmed points. Then and only then did Clovis colonize the finally truly Ice-Free Corridor to mingle together in eastern Beringia. Resisting a Dogmatic Stance In a 2013 book chapter, Erlandson himself points out that the Pacific Coast Model was proposed in 1977, and it took decades before the possibility of the Pacific Coast migration model was seriously considered. That was because, says Erlandson, the theory that Clovis people were the first colonists of the Americas was dogmatically and emphatically considered received wisdom. He cautions that the lack of coastal sites makes much of the theory speculative. If hes right, those sites are submerged between 50 and 120 m below mean sea level today, and as a result of Global Warming sea levels are rising, so without new undreamt-of technology, it is unlikely that we will ever be able to reach them. Further, he adds that scientists should not simply replace received-wisdom Clovis with received-wisdom pre-Clovis. Too much time was lost in battles for theoretical supremacy. But the Kelp Highway Hypothesis and the Pacific Coast Migration Model are a rich source of investigation for determining how people move into new territories. Sources Erlandson, Jon M. After Clovis-First Collapsed: Reimagining the Peopling of the Americas. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Eds. Graf, Kelly E., C.V. Ketron, and Michael R. Waters. College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas AM, 2013. 127–32. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., and Todd J. Braje. From Asia to the Americas by Boat? Paleogeography, Paleoecology, and Stemmed Points of the Northwest Pacific. Quaternary International 239.1 (2011): 28–37. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., et al. Ecology of the Kelp Highway: Did Marine Resources Facilitate Human Dispersal from Northeast Asia to the Americas? The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 10.3 (2015): 392–411. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., et al. The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2.2 (2007): 161–74. Print.Graham, Michael H., Paul K. Dayton, and Jon M. Erlandson. Ice Ages and Ecological Trans itions on Temperate Coasts. Trends in Ecology Evolution 18.1 (2003): 33–40. Print.Schmitt, Catherine. Maines Kelp Highway. Maine Boats, Homes Harbors Winter 2013.122 (2013). Print.

Sandoval Family Essay - 1131 Words

Chicano written by Richard Vasquez is a novel that shows how the American culture affects the Mexican society as well as many other societies in our community. The Sandoval family migrates into California knowing that they have a chance to start their lives over and they want more than what Old Mexico had to offer. America is into consumption, and the Sandoval family was bombarded by it. They were aware of the fact when they arrived in America, but in Mexico they were not aware of the other cultures and traditions out there. The Sandoval family was content with what they had in Mexico. But upon arrival they realized that the more they step into the American culture, the more they want. One can see the detrimental effects of American†¦show more content†¦Both Neftali and Alicia live like his ideal traditional family that he imagined. Both Angie and Pete want more then their parents and they just aren’t content with the way their life is now. Angie is limited to opportunities because she is the first-born girl. Pete becomes more exposed to opportunities after going to the army. They want to get out of the country and live in the city. â€Å"I’ve had it and Im getting the hell out of here, and if you guys are smart, you wont come back† (88). They believe that they are becoming limited by the choices they have because they spent all of their time and money to make there parents happy and help run the invaluable store. Angie and Pete both want more in their life and not just to help support an unsuccessful shop with their hard earned money. Angie wants to become a businesswoman and not play the role of wife. She is the first generation of children born in America. Her family is very disappointed that their first child is a girl. Angie later marries Julio Salazar, a very abusive and controlling person. But the marriage is not a bonding of hearts but more of a business relationship. He is a very abusive man who has cheated many people. Angie sees that she has power over Julio. â€Å"Take him. The no-good-son-of-a-bitch. This isn’t the first time, or the second or third or fourth. He comes in smelling like a French perfume Factory every night, spending money, and slapping me around. Yes,Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Oldest Son Of The Sandoval Family1262 Words   |  6 PagesDebster Sandoval, the oldest son of the Sandoval Family has just reached his 18th birthday. He is a taller, average athletically built young man with light skin, green eyes, and dark hair. The family are of middle class income and live in a single family home outside of Houston, Tx with access to a great public high school where Debster just graduated from. The family consists of father Elijah, mother Rachel, and middle school aged daughter Adrienne. 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Group Dynamics Essay Sample free essay sample

Working with my squad in Group Dynamics throughout the semester proved to be a rewarding. edifying position into how groups and squads work together. We encountered challenges along the manner but for the most portion we succeeded in puting out what we wanted to carry through this semester and were able to make our designated ends. One of the challenges I encountered foremost in my squad was the changing grades of trust and friendly relationship I shared with my group members. I had known Karen since we were in undergraduate categories together and had worked with her several times. Denise had been in a few of my categories before but we had neer worked together antecedently. Last. John and I had neer shared a category together so we maintained the least societal relationship compared to the remainder of my squad. The changing grades of our societal relationships worried me somewhat because societal relationships in squads can hold a profound affect on communicating. public presentation. and motive ( Levi. 2011 ) . In order for our squad to execute at its highest functional degree we each needed to work on developing our societal relationships with each other. We noticed some of our differences around the clip that our first assignment was about midway completed. During a category session we were asked to rank ourselves in footings of phase we thought our group was in from Tuckman’s Group Development Model ; organizing. ramping. norming. or executing. Interestingly. we all had different sentiments as to where we thought our group was within this theoretical account runing from the ramping to executing phases. This signified a job for us since we couldn’t hold on how developed we were and it caused some minor struggle amongst my squad members. At this point we worked on farther bettering our societal relationships which we realized were non every bit developed as they should be for a successful squad. We besides focused more on making specific functions for the group members to ass ist with organisation. time-management. and end maintaining. As the semester progressed we each completed the in category exercising to find our behaviour types based on Bolton and Bolton’s Behavior Styles. I discovered that I was a driver and focused largely on what needed to be accomplished and how to make that end. Karen turned out to be the analytic mind who was concerned with organisation. Denise discovered that she was the good-humored behavioural type significance that she tried to seek out determinations and methods. which would profit everyone. John. the expressive behaviourist. generated much of the motive for the group during the semester ( Bolton A ; Bolton ) . This exercising was really enlightening because it gave each of us greater incite into our single features and why we behave in certain ways. It besides helped us greatly in traveling past some of our differences and we referred back to it for the balance of the semester. We were now able to understand why we had dissensions on certain facets of our undertaking and why our work manners sometimes didn’t mesh good. Interestingly. the functions and norms we had antecedently established tied in good to our freshly discovered behavioural manners. For case. Karen had chosen to be the editor of our group. which was right in line with her analytic personality. Bing a driver. it came to no surprise to me that I chose to be the record keeper for our group and sent out hebdomadal update meetings to transcribe what we had discussed as a squad and what every member should be concentrating in the coming hebdomad. Throughout the semester I felt that my squad members and I were able to develop many of our teamwork and struggle declaration accomplishments by working together on our group undertakings. I noticed that our group communicating developed greatly from where it began in the beginning of the semester when my group members did non pass on really often and when we did it was frequently ill-defined. As our trust and societal relationships fostered the psychological safety within our group the members began to pass on much more efficaciously by inquiring inquiries and raising issues around each other ( Levi. 2011 ) . Similarly. the struggle declaration manners of my group members and I matured during the semester. When finishing our first assignment most team members used the turning away struggle declaration technique because we did non experience comfy being honest with one another. However. as our societal relationships improved. we each spoke up more about out sentiments in a respectful . tactful mode. This allowed us to join forces better when covering with struggle and helped us to make determinations that led to everyone ‘winning’ ( Levi. 2011 ) . Although we had been utilizing the consensus doing determination manner since the beginning of the semester we were besides able to better upon our disposal of it. This attack is clip devouring because it requires every group member to discourse an issue and all agree on it before it can be accepted ( Levi. 2011 ) . We found that it was taking excessively long for us to make group determinations because no 1 wanted to pique anyone else or offer their honest sentiment at first. The more we developed swear the better we could discourse issues candidly in a timely manner and do good thought out determinations rapidly. For the most portion I am happy with how my squad members and I progressed and developed our accomplishments throughout the semester. I feel that we were able to accomplish the ends we set out to accomplish in the beginning of category. I don’t think that I would alter the way we went on to make this point. but I would hold liked to carry through it earlier. If we h ad worked more on developing our societal relationships and trust in the beginning of the semester so we could hold moved on to the executing phase of group development quicker. Similarly. if we had set out to pattern good communications techniques ab initio so we would non hold encountered some of the procedure loss that we dealt with during the semester. We found that communicating was truly indispensable to the success of our group because once we dedicated more clip to making it good we truly saw an betterment in our public presentation. I’m really proud of the creativeness we exhibited when we ran into the job of how to carry on our group observation. Since all of us were working full clip and were really busy in our lives we knew it would be hard to all acquire together outside of category to execute the observation. Karen came up with the thought that we could watch a picture recording of her work group during a squad meeting to utilize for our undertaking. which we all thought was an first-class solution to our job. Unfortunately. the picture did non work when she tried to upload it to e-mail or Blackboard. Because of this we all had to run in to at Towson on a Sunday to watch the picture together. The fortunes were non ideal but I believe it gave us a opportunity to each show that we were so dedicated to the other members in our squad by giving up a weekend afternoon to work on our reciprocally held assignment ends. Additionally. I’m rather proud of the prosodies we developed to detect our group for the assignment. We all worked difficult to come up with what facets of the squad we should pay particular attending to and besides how best to hit those facets. It was besides interesting to see each of our separate prosodies score sheets because we each had differing sentiments in footings of hiting. Despite this we were able to average our tonss and unite them into one metric sheet. I feel that I was able to develop my squad accomplishments throughout the semester and worked to acquire out of my comfort zone a small spot. Bing a driver I am normally the 1 to take charge and voluntary to take on undertakings. In the yesteryear I have offered to take on several duties and do suggestions to other group members in an attempt to rush the procedure up. Since I knew much of this category was focused on squad edifice though I specifically set out to take a measure back and work with others to develop solutions as a group. I besides worked toward beging sentiments from everyone when I could alternatively o f simply working towards understanding on everything. It was hard at first because as a squad we were traveling at a much slower gait than I would hold usually felt comfy with. but I’m glad I took a measure back because it proved that we were still able to make our ends without holding to go at such a rushed gait. I am really thankful for the experiences and lessons I learned throughout the semester in this category because I believe that they all can be applied to existent life state of affairss. Working with squads is an indispensable portion of any occupation and cognizing how to work with different personalities comes along with that. I am happy that my squad consisted of one of each different sort of behavioural manner because it challenged me in a manner really much like I might meet in a work group. Not all of my coworkers will be drivers so it was a great experience for me to larn how to work good with different types of people in category. Similarly. non every work group I am a portion of will dwell of people I know good. My group ranged from person I had known for a few old ages and worked with before to person I had merely met at the beginning of the semester. This helped learn me how to equilibrate the disproportionate degree of societal relationships and besides how to cultivate and develop societal relationships with those who I am less familiar with. Reflecting back on the semester I am rather satisfied with the work my group and I were able to carry through. I feel that we all learned and grew in our ain ways separately and as a squad. As I continue on in my new company I hope to incorporate many of the things I have learned this semester into my work life in an attempt to retroflex the squad successes I experience in the schoolroom. Mentions Bolton. A ; Bolton. Working with Behavioral Styles.Levi. D. ( 2011 ) . Group Dynamics for Teams. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Inc.

A Written Silhouette free essay sample

She has never been called captivating or fascinating. She does not always feel beautiful. Her brown eyes are sheltered by long lashes. Her brown hair slowly inches its way down her long back. She wears make-up daily to enhance the features she cannot see. She wears clothes that cover her flaws. She has an average frame that can withstand cruel remarks. She can take criticism but is not fully confident. She sometimes even cries for no reason at all. She laughs as things that aren’t funny. She likes to have fun and do crazy things. She likes to try new restaurants and attempt to use chopsticks. She loves to go to church and quietly pray on her knees. She loves to sing when she is alone and loves to dance when no one is watching. Her dream is to become a geriatric nurse and help the generation that made hers. We will write a custom essay sample on A Written Silhouette or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She wants to take a random vacation and discover new land. She has no desire to become the first lady or to change things she can’t. She wants to save a life. She wants to be looked up to. She wants to swim with the whales and talk to the lonely kid at the lunch table. She wants to learn a new language and hug a stranger. After all the obstacles in her life, she can confidently tackle a new chapter in her story. After attending a funeral she can appreciate life. After being in a room full of strangers, she can step outside her comfort zone. After getting a job she can cherish the cost of possessions. After writing essays and doing lots of homework in high school, she can now take on college. Her name is Alexis Elizabeth.